Do restinga cnemidophorine lizards run on empty along the Brazilian coast? / Os lagartos cnemidophorine de restinga correm no vazio ao longo da costa brasileira?

Abstract The number of individuals with empty stomachs in a population (i.e. the proportion of individuals "running on empty") can be used as a simple index of instantaneous energy balance of some organisms such as lizards and fishes. In this study, we aimed to analyze the proportion of empty stomachs in 16 populations of five cnemidophorine species (Glaucomastix abaetensis, Ameivula ocellifera, Glaucomastix littoralis, Contomastix lacertoides and Ameivula nativo) along approximately 5,000 km the Brazilian coast. A total of 550 individuals had their stomach contents removed and identified in the laboratory. Our results showed that the proportion of individuals "running on empty" varied from 0 to 11.1% among the different populations and species. These proportions are suggestive that the five studied species would be in an overall positive energy balance at the time of the study.

Resumo O número de indivíduos com estômagos vazios em uma população (i.e. a proporção de indivíduos "correndo no vazio") pode ser usado como um índice simples do balanço energético instantâneo de organismos como lagartos e peixes. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a proporção de estômagos vazios em 16 populações pertencentes a cinco espécies de cnemidophorines (Glaucomastix abaetensis, Ameivula ocellifera, Glaucomastix littoralis, Contomastix lacertoides e Ameivula nativo) ao longo de cerca de 5,000 km da costa leste do Brasil. Um total de 550 indivíduos tiveram seus conteúdos estomacais removidos e analisados em laboratório. Nossos resultados mostraram que a proporção de indivíduos "correndo no vazio" variou entre 0 a 11.1% entre as diferentes populações e espécies. Essas proporções sugerem que as cinco espécies estudadas estariam em geral em um balanço energético positivo, quando da realização deste estudo.

Plasma metabolite changes in anestrous dairy cows with negative energy balance identified using 1H NMR technology / [Alterações do metabólito plasmático em vacas leiteiras com balanço energético negativo identificado usando a tecnologia 1H NMR]

The objective of the present study was to investigate the different plasma metabolites between anestrus and estrus postpartum dairy cows and to provide a theoretical basis for prevention of anestrus in dairy farm cows. In the experiment, one hundred and sixty-seven Holstein dairy cows were selected with similar age and parity. According to the concentration of ß-hydroxybutyric acid, non-esterified fatty acids and glucose in plasma during 14 to 21 days in milk, all dairy cows were determined as having a status of energy balance. According to the results of clinical symptom, rectal and B ultrasound examination at 60 to 90 days postpartum, these cows were divided into twenty estrus and twenty-four anestrus group, other dairy cows were removed. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance technology was utilized to detect the plasma metabolites changes and screen different plasma metabolites between anestrus and estrus cows. Ten different metabolites including alanine, glutamic acid, asparagine, creatine, choline, phosphocholine, glycerophosphocholine, low-density lipoprotein, and very-low-density lipoprotein were significantly decreased in anestrous cows compared with estrous cows. Metabolic pathway analyses indicated that differential metabolites were primarily involved in amino acid and glycerophospholipid metabolism. These metabolites and their enrichment pathways indicate that reduced steroid hormone synthesis precursors result in lower levels of estradiol and progesterone and cause anestrus in negative energy balance. These data provide a better understanding of the changes that may affect estrus of postpartum dairy cows at NEB status and lay the ground for further research.(AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar os diferentes metabolitos do plasma entre o cio e o cio pós-parto de vacas leiteiras e fornecer uma base teórica para a prevenção do cio de vacas em fazendas de leite. No experimento, foram selecionadas 127 vacas leiteiras Holstein com idade e paridade similares. De acordo com a concentração de ß- ácido hidroxibutírico, ácidos graxos não esterificados e glicose no plasma entre 14 e 21 dias no leite, todas as vacas leiteiras foram determinadas em estado de equilíbrio energético. De acordo com os resultados dos sintomas clínicos, do exame de ultra-som retal e B aos 60 a 90 dias pós-parto, estas vacas foram divididas em vinte cios e vinte e quatro grupos de cio, outras vacas leiteiras foram removidas. A tecnologia de ressonância magnética nuclear 1H foi utilizada para detectar as alterações dos metabólitos plasmáticos e para triar diferentes metabólitos plasmáticos entre as vacas do cio e do cio. Dez diferentes metabólitos incluindo alanina, ácido glutâmico, asparagina, creatina, colina, fosfocholina, glicerofosfocolina, lipoproteína de baixa densidade e lipoproteína de muito baixa densidade foram significativamente diminuídos nas vacas antróficas em comparação com as vacas estro. As análises da via metabólica indicaram que os metabólitos diferenciais estavam principalmente envolvidos no metabolismo de aminoácidos e glicerofosfolipídios. Estes metabólitos e suas vias de enriquecimento indicam que a redução dos precursores da síntese de hormônios esteróides resulta em níveis mais baixos de estradiol e progesterona e causa anestros no balanço energético negativo. Estes dados fornecem uma melhor compreensão das mudanças que podem afetar o cio das vacas leiteiras pós-parto no estado de NEB e preparam o terreno para mais pesquisas.(AU)

Emotion regulation and healthy behaviors of the body energy balance in adults: A review of evidence / Emotion regulation and healthy behaviors of the body energy balance in adults: A review of evidence

Abstract There is no document that analyzes the state of the art of scientific research published between 2013 and 2018 in relation to possible interdependence links between emotional regulation [ER] and healthy behaviors associated with Body Energy Balance [BEB] (physical activity, balanced diet and sleep hygiene). To achieve this purpose, an exploratory systematic review was conducted, whose search criteria were "emotion regulation", "emotion dysregulation" connected with the Boolean operator "AND" to the keywords "sleep hygiene", "eating behavior" and "physical activity". Terms like "alexithymia", "depression", "stress", "negative emotions", and "rumination" were omitted. The methodological quality of the evidence was assessed with a patented rubric. After applying the analysis criteria, 35 articles were obtained, reporting the existence of reciprocal associations and interactions between ER and at least one of the three behaviors associated with BEB were analyzed. It is concluded that, despite the importance of these behaviors in the vital maintenance of people and the clear impact that emotional regulation has on them, their research has not been sufficient, and more empirical studies in this regard in Latin America are needed.

Resumen No existe en la actualidad un documento que analice el estado del conocimiento de las investigaciones científicas publicadas en los últimos años con respecto a los posibles vínculos de interdependencia entre la regulación emocional (RE) y las conductas asociadas al balance energético corporal (BEC) -actividad física, alimentación balanceada e higiene del sueño-. Por tanto, para lograr dicho propósito, en el presente estudio se realizó una revisión sistemática exploratoria, cuyos criterios de búsqueda fueron los términos "emotion regulation" y "emotion dysregulation", conectados con el operador booleano "AND" a las palabras clave "sleep hygiene", "eating behavior" y "physical activity" -términos como "alexithymia", "depression", "stress", "negative emotions", y "rumination" fueron omitidos-; donde se valoró la calidad metodológica de la evidencia de los artículos a partir una rúbrica patentada. Tras aplicar los criterios de inclusión establecidos, se obtuvo un total de 35 artículos que reportaban la existencia de asociaciones e interacciones recíprocas entre la RE y al menos una de las tres conductas asociadas al BEC. Como resultado, se puede afirmar que, a pesar de la importancia de dichas conductas en el mantenimiento vital de las personas y el claro impacto que tiene la regulación emocional sobre ellas, su estudio no ha sido suficiente, y por tanto se necesitan más investigaciones empíricas en el contexto latinoamericano.

Hipercetonemia: bioquímica de la producción de ácidos grasos volátiles y su metabolismo hepático / Hyperketonemia: Biochemistry of volatile fatty acid production and its hepatic metabolism

RESUMEN La hipercetonemia o cetosis bovina es un desorden metabólico, que se caracteriza por el incremento patológico de cuerpos cetónicos (beta-hidroxibutirato (βHB), Acetoacetato (AcAc) y acetona) y ocurre en el periparto de vacas de leche. El origen primario de la enfermedad es el balance energético negativo (BEN), que puede ser desencadenado por el incremento excesivo de los requerimientos energéticos o la presentación de enfermedades posparto, resultando en la presentación de signos clínicos o disminución de la producción de leche. El objetivo de esta revisión consiste en describir, mediante un modelo, los procesos bioquímicos del rumen y los mecanismos fisiopatológicos, involucrados con incremento excesivo de los cuerpos cetónicos. En resumen, se realizó un modelo fisiológico uniendo literatura fragmentada, sobre la relación entre la función ruminal, hepática y la inducción de lipolisis e incremento de la actividad de Carnitil-Palmitoil transferasa-1 (CPT-1), cuyo resultado puede ser la producción excesiva de Acetil-CoA que, junto con la falta de propionato y oxalacetato (precursores de gluconeogénesis y ciclo de Krebs), dan lugar a la producción patológica de acetoacetato y beta-hidroxibutirato.

ABSTRACT Bovine hyperketonemia or ketosis is a metabolic disorder characterized by high levels of ketone bodies (beta-hydroxybutyrate (βHB), Acetoacetate (AcAc), and acetone) in periparturient dairy cows. A Negative Energy Balance (NEB) is identified as the primary cause of the disease, which is triggered by the excessive increase of energy requirements or the presence of postpartum diseases, resulting in the appearance of clinical signs or decreased milk production. The purpose of this review is to describe the rumen's biochemical Process and the physiopathological mechanisms involved in the excessive production of ketone bodies. After conducting a literature review, a physiological model was carried out in order to understand the relationship between the rumen and liver functions with lipolysis induction and increased CPT-1 activity. The above may result in the overproduction of Acetyl-CoA, which together, with the lack of propionate and oxaloacetate (gluconeogenesis and Krebs cycle precursors), leads to the pathological production of acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate.

Balance energético y estado nutricional en niños preescolares, Huanchaco, Trujillo, Perú, 2014 / Energy balance and nutritional state in preschool children, Huanchaco, Trujillo, Perú, 2014

Introducción: El balance energético equilibrado en el organismo humano permite mantener un estado nutricional y de salud adecuado, ingestas excesivas o por defecto modifican la homeostasis y producen enfermedades. Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre balance energético y estado nutricional en niños de instituciones educativas del distrito de Huanchaco, departamento La Libertad, Perú. Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo de corte transversal en 203 niños de 3 a 5 años en el periodo abril-junio 2014. Se evaluó el estado nutricional con los índices talla/edad, peso/edad, peso/talla usando estándares de crecimiento infantil de la Organización Mundial de la Salud 2006. El balance energético se midió con la adecuación de energía ingerida respecto a su requerimiento energético estimado, expresado en porcentaje. Se aplicó la prueba estadística Chi-cuadrado con un nivel de significancia de 5 por ciento. Resultados: Los índices para evaluar el estado nutricional fueron predominante normales. El balance energético para niños y niñas de 3 años fue 123,75 ± 46,97 por ciento y 125,82 ± 13,01 por ciento de su requerimiento respectivamente; en niños y niñas de 4 años fue de 109,90 ± 23,17 por ciento y 104,69 ± 20,96 por ciento, respectivamente y finalmente en niños de 5 años fue 105,15 ± 24,97 por ciento y en las niñas un balance energético negativo de 86,39 ± 11,99 por ciento. Existe asociación altamente significativa (p < 0,01) entre estado nutricional y balance energético. Conclusiones: El balance energético con tendencia positiva predispone hacia la obesidad para los índices peso/talla y peso/edad y el equilibrado o positivo condicionan un estado nutricional normal según talla/edad(AU)

Introduction: The balanced energy state in the human body allows maintaining a nutritional and health status; excessive or small intakes of food modify the homeostasis and produce diseases. Objective: To determine the association between energy balance and nutritional state in children from educational institutions of Huanchaco District, La Libertad, Peru. Methods: A cross-sectional quantitative study was carried out in 203 children from 3 to 5 years old in the period from April to June 2014. It was assessed the nutritional state with the indexes height/age, weight/age, weight/height using child growth standards of the World Health Organization 2006. The energy balance was measured with the adequacy of energy intake in relation to their estimated energy requirement, expressed as a percentage. Chi-square statistical test was applied with a significance level of 5 percent . Results: The indexes to assess the nutritional state were predominantly normal. The energy balance for boys and girls of 3 years old was 123.75 ± 46.97 percent and 125.82 ± 13.01 percent of their requirement respectively; in children of 4 years old it was 109.90 ± 23.17 percent and 104.69 ± 20.96 percent, respectively; and finally in 5 years old boys it was 105.15 ± 24.97 percent and in girls a negative energy balance of 86.39 ± 11.99 percent. There is a highly significant association (p< 0.01) between the nutritional state and the energy balance. Conclusions: The energy balance with positive trend predisposes toward obesity for the indexes weight/height and weight/age, and the balanced or positive condition to a normal nutritional state according to height/age(AU)

Balance energético y estado nutricional en niños preescolares, Huanchaco, Trujillo, Perú, 2014 / Energy balance and nutritional state in preschool children, Huanchaco, Trujillo, Perú, 2014

RESUMEN Introducción: El balance energético equilibrado en el organismo humano permite mantener un estado nutricional y de salud adecuado, ingestas excesivas o por defecto modifican la homeostasis y producen enfermedades. Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre balance energético y estado nutricional en niños de instituciones educativas del distrito de Huanchaco, departamento La Libertad, Perú. Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo de corte transversal en 203 niños de 3 a 5 años en el periodo abril-junio 2014. Se evaluó el estado nutricional con los índices talla/edad, peso/edad, peso/talla usando estándares de crecimiento infantil de la Organización Mundial de la Salud 2006. El balance energético se midió con la adecuación de energía ingerida respecto a su requerimiento energético estimado, expresado en porcentaje. Se aplicó la prueba estadística Chi-cuadrado con un nivel de significancia de 5 %. Resultados: Los índices para evaluar el estado nutricional fueron predominante normales. El balance energético para niños y niñas de 3 años fue 123,75 ± 46,97 % y 125,82 ± 13,01 % de su requerimiento respectivamente; en niños y niñas de 4 años fue de 109,90 ± 23,17 % y 104,69 ± 20,96 %, respectivamente y finalmente en niños de 5 años fue 105,15 ± 24,97 % y en las niñas un balance energético negativo de 86,39 ± 11,99 %. Existe asociación altamente significativa (p < 0,01) entre estado nutricional y balance energético. Conclusiones: El balance energético con tendencia positiva predispone hacia la obesidad para los índices peso/talla y peso/edad y el equilibrado o positivo condicionan un estado nutricional normal según talla/edad.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The balanced energy state in the human body allows maintaining a nutritional and health status; excessive or small intakes of food modify the homeostasis and produce diseases. Objective: To determine the association between energy balance and nutritional state in children from educational institutions of Huanchaco District, La Libertad, Peru. Methods: A cross-sectional quantitative study was carried out in 203 children from 3 to 5 years old in the period from April to June 2014. It was assessed the nutritional state with the indexes height/age, weight/age, weight/height using child growth standards of the World Health Organization 2006. The energy balance was measured with the adequacy of energy intake in relation to their estimated energy requirement, expressed as a percentage. Chi-square statistical test was applied with a significance level of 5 %. Results: The indexes to assess the nutritional state were predominantly normal. The energy balance for boys and girls of 3 years old was 123.75 ± 46.97% and 125.82 ± 13.01 % of their requirement respectively; in children of 4 years old it was 109.90 ± 23.17% and 104.69 ± 20.96 %, respectively; and finally in 5 years old boys it was 105.15 ± 24.97 % and in girls a negative energy balance of 86.39 ± 11.99 %. There is a highly significant association (p< 0.01) between the nutritional state and the energy balance. Conclusions: The energy balance with positive trend predisposes toward obesity for the indexes weight/height and weight/age, and the balanced or positive condition to a normal nutritional state according to height/age.

Energy balance and prognosis of children with mechanical ventilation in pediatric intensive care unit / 中华临床营养杂志

Objective To investigate the influencing factors for energy balance and the relationship be-tween energy balance and clinical outcome in PICU mechanical ventilation children. Methods Children with mechanical ventilation who were hospitalized in PICU for more than 3 days from June 2015 to May 2016 were collected, resting energy expenditure was measured by resting energy metabolic detector, and the nutrition bal-ance was calculated, the influencing factors on energy balance was analyzed by regression analysis. Results A total of 104 mechanical ventilation children were included with the average energy consumption of ( 265. 4 ± 63. 2) kJ/kg in the first 3 days and the average energy supply of (219. 8±82. 9) kJ/kg, and failed to reach the target value ( P<0. 05) . As the time of hospitalization was prolonged, the supply of energy increased gradu-ally, the SAPS Ⅱ ( r=-0. 609, P=0. 000) , mechanical ventilation time ( r=-0. 456, P=0. 000) , ICU stay time ( r=-0. 646, P=0. 000) , the number of organ failure ( r=-0. 568, P=0. 000) , infection complications ( r=-0. 859, P=0. 000) were negatively correlated to energy supply balance; regression analysis showed that complications of nosocomial infection ( P = 0. 000 ) , number of organ failure ( P = 0. 000 ) , mechanical ventilation time ( P=0. 000) , ICU retention time ( P=0. 001) were predictors of energy supply balance. Con-clusion Insufficient supply of energy for the first three days of mechanical ventilation is high in the critically ill children. Factors affecting energy supply balance include patient's organ failure, infection complications, me-chanical ventilation time, and ICU retention time, which suggest that the strengthening of the nutritional man-agement of the critically ill children with mechanical ventilation will benefit to the clinical outcome.

Influencia en el balance energético de los factores que regulan el control del apetito y la saciedad a corto plazo / Influence of the regulating factors of short-term control of appetite and satiety on energy balance

Introducción: el mantenimiento de un nivel constante de energía almacenada es gracias a los factores que regulan el apetito y la saciedad, los cuales influyen en el estado del balance energético. Objetivo: describir la influencia en el balance energético de los factores que regulan el control del apetito y la saciedad a corto plazo. Métodos: se realizó una búsqueda en Medline/PubMed, Bireme, ediciones DOYMA y Elsevier, de artículos publicados en inglés y español en el período comprendido entre enero de 1973 y junio de 2016. Los términos de búsqueda fueron food intake, energy balance, regulation, nutritional homeostasis. Desarrollo: la ingesta de alimentos es una conducta humana que resulta de la compleja interacción entre múltiples factores, en que los más importantes son los fisiológicos y, en el plano humoral, está bien establecido el papel de la ghrelina en la iniciación de la ingesta. Al unísono se ponen en marcha diferentes órganos desde este mismo momento para establecer el momento en el que se debe dejar de comer, mecanismo en el cual intervienen hormonas como colecistoquinina, péptido similar al glucagón tipo 1, oxintomodulina, péptido YY, bombesina, enterostatina, amilina y polipéptido pancreático. Consideraciones finales: existen diferentes mecanismos implicados en la regulación del control a corto plazo del apetito y la saciedad, los cuales se encuentran íntimamente relacionados, e influyen y determinan el estado del balance energético(AU)

Introduction: steady level of stored energy is kept thanks to regulating factors of appetite and satiety which also influence on the state of energy balance. Objective: to describe the influence of regulating factors of appetite and satiety at short-term on the energy balance. Methods: a literature search was made in Medline/PubMed, Bireme, DOYMA editions and Elsevier to find English and Spanish articles in the period of January 1973 to June 2016. The search terms were food intake, energy balance, regulation, nutritional homeostasis. Development: food intake is human behavior resulting from the complex interaction of multiple factors, being the most important the physiological ones and at the humoral level, the role of ghrelina in the onset of intake is well-established. At the same time, various organs set in motion to fix the moment when one should stop eating, a mechanism in which several hormones are involved such as cholecystokinin, a peptide similar to type 1 glycagon, oxyntomodulin, peptide YY, bombesin, enterostatin, amyline and pancreatic polypeptide. Final thoughts: there are several mechanisms involved in the regulation of the short-term control of appetite and satiety which are closely related, have an effect on and determine the state of the energy balance(AU)

Reproductive behavior of crossbred dairy cows grazing an intensive silvopastoral system under tropical dry forest conditions / Comportamento reprodutivo de vacas leiteiras mestiças pastando um sistema silvipastoril intensivo em condições de floresta tropical seca

It is widely accepted that selection for high milk yield in dairy cows has negatively affected their reproductive performance. After calving, dairy cows experience a nutritional imbalance due to an asynchrony in the occurrence of the lactation and dry matter intake peaks. In the tropics, this situation is exacerbated due to poor quality and/ or availability of the diet. A study was carried out to describe the nutritional and reproductive behavior of two-to-four parturition crossbred cows (Gyr (Bos indicus) x Holstein (Bos taurus)) divided in two groups according to their calving to first service interval (CFSI): Group 1: ≤50 days CFSI, n=7; Group 2: ≥50 days CFSI, n=8. Animals were grazing in an intensive silvopastoral system (ISS) based on Leucaena leucocephala and Cynodon plectostachyus and also received protein, energy and mineral supplementation. Dry matter (DMI) and nutrient intake were individually estimated and correlations between reproductive and nutritional parameters were performed. Additionally, serum progesterone concentration was monitored. Group 2 had greater forage and total DMI and milk production than Group 1 (P<0.05). Hence, Group 2 had greater nutrient intake from forages than Group 1 (P<0.05). Group 1 had a positive nutritional balance and an optimum reproductive performance compared to Group 2, which had a negative energy balance and lengthier days with open intervals (P<0.05). It was corroborated that protein and energy are required in adequate levels, to ensure that uterus undergoes involution correctly and ovarian activity starts soon in the postpartum period.(AU)

É amplamente aceito que a seleção para alta produção de leite em vacas leiteiras tem interferido no seu desempenho reprodutivo. Depois do parto, um extraordinário desafio nutritivo é experimentado pelas vacas leiteiras, devido a uma assincronia entre a ocorrência do pico de lactação e a do pico de consumo de matéria seca. Este estudo foi realizado para descrever o comportamento reprodutivo de vacas mestiças de dois a quatro partos (Gyr (Bos indicus) x Holstein (Bos taurus)), divididos em dois grupos, de acordo com seu intervalo parto ao primeiro serviço (IPPS): grupo 1: ≤ 50 dias IPPS, n = 7; grupo 2: ≥50 IPPS dias, n = 8. Os animais pastaram em um sistema silvipastoril intensivo (SSI), com base em Leucaena leucocephala e Cynodon plectostachyus, e receberam também suplementação de proteína, energia e mineral. Matéria seca (CMS) e ingestão de nutrientes foram estimadas individualmente e correlações entre parâmetros reprodutivos e nutricionais foram realizadas. Além disso, a concentração de progesterona em soro foi monitorizada. Vacas do grupo 2 apresentaram maior ingestão de forragem, de dieta total e de produção total de leite do que vacas do grupo 1 (P<0,05). Dessa forma, vacas do grupo 2 apresentaram maior consumo de nutrientes de forrageiras do que os animais do grupo 1 (P<0,05). Vacas do grupo 1 tinham um equilíbrio nutricional positivo e um ótimo desempenho reprodutivo em relação ao grupo 2, que teve um balanço energético negativo e mais longos intervalos de dias abertos (P<0,05). Foi corroborado que a proteína e a energia são necessárias em níveis adequados, assim o útero sofre involução corretamente e a atividade ovariana começa logo no período pós-parto.(AU)

Translational Science: How experimental research has contributed to the understanding of spontaneous Physical Activity and Energy Homeostasis

Abstract Spontaneous physical activity (SPA) consists of all daily living activities other than volitional exercise (e.g. sports and fitness-related activities). SPA is an important component of energy expenditure and may protect from overweight and obesity. Little is known about the biological regulation of SPA, but animal researchhas contributedsignificantly to expand our knowledge in this field. Studies in rodents have shown that SPA is influenced by nutrients and volitional exercise. High-fat diet seems to decrease SPA, which contributes to weigh gain. Volitional exercisemayalso reduce SPA, helping to explain the commonly reported low efficiency of exercise to cause weight loss, and highlighting the need to finda volume/intensity of exercise to maximize total daily energy expenditure. Animal studieshave also allowed for the identification of some brain areas and chemical mediatorsinvolved in SPA regulation. These discoveries could enable the development of new therapeutics aiming to enhance SPA.(AU)

Do restinga cnemidophorine lizards run on empty along the Brazilian coast?

Abstract The number of individuals with empty stomachs in a population (i.e. the proportion of individuals running on empty) can be used as a simple index of instantaneous energy balance of some organisms such as lizards and fishes. In this study, we aimed to analyze the proportion of empty stomachs in 16 populations of five cnemidophorine species (Glaucomastix abaetensis, Ameivula ocellifera, Glaucomastix littoralis, Contomastix lacertoides and Ameivula nativo) along approximately 5,000 km the Brazilian coast. A total of 550 individuals had their stomach contents removed and identified in the laboratory. Our results showed that the proportion of individuals running on empty varied from 0 to 11.1% among the different populations and species. These proportions are suggestive that the five studied species would be in an overall positive energy balance at the time of the study.

Resumo O número de indivíduos com estômagos vazios em uma população (i.e. a proporção de indivíduos correndo no vazio) pode ser usado como um índice simples do balanço energético instantâneo de organismos como lagartos e peixes. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a proporção de estômagos vazios em 16 populações pertencentes a cinco espécies de cnemidophorines (Glaucomastix abaetensis, Ameivula ocellifera, Glaucomastix littoralis, Contomastix lacertoides e Ameivula nativo) ao longo de cerca de 5,000 km da costa leste do Brasil. Um total de 550 indivíduos tiveram seus conteúdos estomacais removidos e analisados em laboratório. Nossos resultados mostraram que a proporção de indivíduos correndo no vazio variou entre 0 a 11.1% entre as diferentes populações e espécies. Essas proporções sugerem que as cinco espécies estudadas estariam em geral em um balanço energético positivo, quando da realização deste estudo.

Clinical pathological changes of blood and risk prediction of ovarian cysts in postpartum of high producing dairy cows / 中国兽医学报

In this study,70 cows with (34.55 ± 8.44) kg per day milk,(2.24 ± 1.01) years at (60-90)d postpartum were chosen from an intensive dairy farm in Heilongjiang province.Ten plasma parameters including reproductive hormones,energy metabolism,liver function and minerals were measured at(60-90)d postpartum from the estrous and ovarian cyst dairy cows,combined with binary Pearson correlation analysis,Logistic analysis and ROC analysis.The results showed that:the incidence of ovarian cysts in this farm was 9.8％,its main reason is negative energy balance;the plasma concentrations of FSH,LH and P4 in ovarian cysts were lower than those in estrus group,but E2 (6.2 ng/L) was significantly higher than that in estrus group ((91.97± 10.62) ng/L);the plasma concentrations of NEFA,BHBA and AST were significantly increased in ovaries cysts at 14-21 d and 60-90 d,and Glu was significantly lower than that in estrus group.When the plasma concentration of BHBA were more than 0.855 mmol/L,NEFA more than 0.585 mmol/L,AST more than 77.0 U/L at 14-21 d postpartum,the risk of ovarian cyst increased.Negative energy balance can cause disorder of reproductive hormone secretion in early lactation cows,and then provoke cyst of follicle.Plasma NEFA,BHBA and AST of dairy cows postpartum can be used to predict the risk of ovarian cysts.

Energy flows in lowland soybean production system in Brazil / Fluxos de energia em sistema de produção de soja em várzea no Brasil

ABSTRACT: Soybean is the main product of Brazilian agribusiness, both production and income. Considering the increase in food and energy demand and the search for more sustainable production systems, this study aimed to analyze inputs and energy use of a possible area of expansion of soybean production: a system under sub irrigation management located in a lowland area of Cerrado biome, northern region of Brazil. Its environmental performance was compared to other Brazilian locations among them traditionally soybean producers. The evaluation and comparison was made through material and energy flow tools in order to determine the inputs embodied per area, as well as energy demand, availability and efficiency in the analyzed production system. Energy demand (IE) and energy availability (OE) of the analyzed production system were 7.6 and 57.1 GJ ha-1, respectively. Energy balance (EB) was 49,5 GJ ha-1, energy return over investment (EROI) was 7.5 and embodied energy in grains (EE) was 2,2 MJ kg-1, respectively. Highest energy consumption was due to the use of fertilizers, fuel and herbicide. The system is energy efficient, since it provides more energy than demands, and efficient when compared to usual production systems in other regions, however it is highly dependent on non-renewable energy.

RESUMO: A soja é o principal produto do agronegócio Brasileiro, em volume e geração de renda. Considerando o aumento da demanda por alimentos e energia, bem como a busca por sistemas de produção mais sustentáveis, o presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar o uso de energia oriunda de insumos agrícolas em área de possível expansão de produção de soja: sistema de produção sob subirrigação em área de várzea no Cerrado, região Norte do Brasil. Seu desempenho ambiental foi comparado a outros locais no Brasil, entre os quais regiões tradicionalmente produtores de soja. A avaliação e comparação foram feitas por meio do uso de ferramentas de fluxo de materiais e energia, a fim de determinar a quantidade de insumos utilizados por área, bem como a demanda, disponibilidade e eficiência do uso de energia no sistema de produção avaliado. A demanda (IE) e disponibilidade (OE) de energia foram de 7.6 e 57.1 GJ ha-1, respectivamente. O balanço energético (BE), o retorno de energia sobre o investimento (EROI) e a energia incorporada dos grãos (EE) foram 49.5 GJ ha-1, 7.5 e 2.2 MJ kg-1, respectivamente. O maior consumo de energia foi devido à utilização de fertilizantes, herbicidas e combustível. O sistema analisado é eficiente no uso da energia, uma vez que fornece mais energia do que é demandado, e eficiente quando comparado a sistemas de produção usuais em outras regiões, embora seja altamente dependente de energia de origem não-renovável.

Childhood obesity and vitamin D deficiency / 国际儿科学杂志

Obesity and vitamin D deficiency have become two public health problems in children.In the past few decades,there has been increasing concern that low circulating levels of serum 25 (OH) D are associated with obesity and other metabolic diseases linked.However,the causal relationship between vitamin D deficiency and obesity is still unclear.There is currently insufficient evidence of beneficial effect to recommend vitamin D supplementation as a means of improving body weight,BMI or fat mass.Obesity probably leads to lower 25 (OH) D starus,while vitamin D and VDR are considered to have the ability to regulate energy balance through acting on adipogenesis,adipocyte apoptosis,lipogenesis and lipolysis,feeding behavior,and energy expenditure.

Advance in Nutrition Metabolism of Patients with Spinal Cord Injury (review) / 中国康复理论与实践

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a common traumatic disease. SCI causes nutritional and metabolic abnormalities including malnu-trition and overnutrition. This article reviewed nutritional metabolism assessments, the changes and reasons after SCI. Spinal Nutrition Screening Tool (SNST) and Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) are commonly used to evaluate malnutrition in adult. Screening Tool for the Assessment of Malnutrition in Paediatrics (STAMP) is used to evaluate malnutrition in child. Body mass index, waist circumfer-ence and dual-energy X-ray are used to evaluate overnutrition. SCI causes increasement of total caloric intake, disturbance of carbohydrate metabolism, disturbance of fat and protein metabolism, increasement of metabolic syndrome incidence, high risk of coronary heart disease, and abnormal bone metabolism. Individual diet program should be provided to SCI patients for balanced nutrition. Periodic assessments are also necessary.

Regulation of AMP-activated protein kinase by natural and synthetic activators

The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a sensor of cellular energy status that is almost universally expressed in eukaryotic cells. While it appears to have evolved in single-celled eukaryotes to regulate energy balance in a cell-autonomous manner, during the evolution of multicellular animals its role has become adapted so that it also regulates energy balance at the whole body level, by responding to hormones that act primarily on the hypothalamus. AMPK monitors energy balance at the cellular level by sensing the ratios of AMP/ATP and ADP/ATP, and recent structural analyses of the AMPK heterotrimer that have provided insight into the complex mechanisms for these effects will be discussed. Given the central importance of energy balance in diseases that are major causes of morbidity or death in humans, such as type 2 diabetes, cancer and inflammatory disorders, there has been a major drive to develop pharmacological activators of AMPK. Many such activators have been described, and the various mechanisms by which these activate AMPK will be discussed. A particularly large class of AMPK activators are natural products of plants derived from traditional herbal medicines. While the mechanism by which most of these activate AMPK has not yet been addressed, I will argue that many of them may be defensive compounds produced by plants to deter infection by pathogens or grazing by insects or herbivores, and that many of them will turn out to be inhibitors of mitochondrial function.

Assessment of Pedometer Counts, Physical Activity Level, Energy Expenditure, and Energy Balance of Weekdays and Weekend in Male High School S tudents

The purpose of this study was to assess the physical activity and energy balance of weekdays and weekend in male high school students. Fifty healthy male high school students participated in this study. Anthropometric data were collected. Physical activity level (PAL) and energy intake for weekdays and weekend were calculated from a physical activity diary and food diary using the 24-hour recall method and interview. The resting metabolic rate (RMR) and estimated energy requirement (EER) were calculated from the prediction equations suggested in 2015 KDRIs. Total energy expenditure (TEE) was calculated by multiplying RMR by PAL. Mean age of subjects was 15.9±0.33 years. The daily pedometer counts were significantly higher in the weekdays (12,837 steps) than in weekend (6,661 steps) (P<0.001). The PAL of the weekdays (1.63±0.17) was significantly higher than that (1.37±0.26) of the weekend (P<0.001). PAL was significantly correlated with pedometer counts on the weekdays (r=0.495) and weekend (r=0.686). The total energy intakes (2,847.2±681.5 kcal) and TEE (3,046.3±437.3 kcal) of weekdays were significantly higher than those of the weekend. The results of this study would be useful to develop nutrition and exercise programs for male high school students on weekdays and weekend, respectively.

Importancia de la reducción de peso en los pacientes con obesidad / Importance of weight lost in patients with obesity

A pesar de los avances en el conocimiento clinicoepidemiológico de la obesidad, la prevalencia de esta ha aumentado significativamente, y su prevención y tratamiento continúa siendo un reto para los profesionales de la salud. Actualmente se considera que el control del balance energético se basa en un sistema de retroalimentación, cuyo objetivo es mantener los depósitos energéticos estables, a fin de lograr, con la disminución de peso, importantes beneficios en términos de salud y calidad de vida. En el presente trabajo se exponen algunas consideraciones relacionadas con la etiopatogenia de la obesidad y la importancia de la reducción de peso en los pacientes obesos.

In spite of the advances in the clinical and epidemiological knowledge on obesity, its prevalence has increased significantly, and its prevention and treatment continue to be a challenge for the health professionals. At present it is considered that the control of the energy balance is based on a feedback system which objective is to maintain the stable energy deposits, in order to achieve, with the decrease of weight, important benefits in terms of health and life quality. In this work, some considerations related to the etiopatogenicity of obesity and the importance of weight reduction in the obese patients are exposed.

The interaction of Apolipoprotein A5 gene promoter region T-1131C polymorphism (rs12286037) and lifestyle modification on plasma triglyceride levels in Japanese

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Apolipoprotein A5 gene promoter region T-1131C polymorphism (APOA5 T-1131C) is known to be associated with elevated plasma TG levels, although little is known of the influence of the interaction between APOA5 T-1131C and lifestyle modification on TG levels. To investigate this matter, we studied APOA5 T-1131C and plasma TG levels of subjects participating in a three-month lifestyle modification program. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A three-month lifestyle modification program was conducted with 297 participants (Age: 57 +/- 8 years) in Izumo City, Japan, from 2001-2007. Changes in energy balance (the difference between energy intake and energy expenditure) and BMI were used to evaluate the participants' responses to the lifestyle modification. RESULTS: Even after adjusting for confounding factors, plasma TG levels were significantly different at baseline among three genotype subgroups: TT, 126 +/- 68 mg/dl; TC, 134 +/- 74 mg/dl; and CC, 172 +/- 101 mg/dl. Lifestyle modification resulted in significant reductions in plasma TG levels in the TT, TC, and CC genotype subgroups: -21.9 +/- 61.0 mg/dl, -20.9 +/- 51.0 mg/dl, and -42.6 +/- 78.5 mg/dl, respectively, with no significant differences between them. In a stepwise regression analysis, age, APOA5 T-1131C, body mass index (BMI), homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and the 18:1/18:0 ratio showed independent association with plasma TG levels at baseline. In a general linear model analysis, APOA5 T-1131C C-allele carriers showed significantly greater TG reduction with decreased energy balance than wild type carriers after adjustment for age, gender, and baseline plasma TG levels. CONCLUSIONS: The genetic effects of APOA5 T-1131C independently affected plasma TG levels. However, lifestyle modification was effective in significantly reducing plasma TG levels despite the APOA5 T-1131C genotype background.

Análise da matriz energética e econômica das culturas de arroz, soja e trigo em sistemas de produção tecnificados no Rio Grande do Sul / Matrix analysis of energy and economic crop of rice, soy and wheat in intensive production system in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

A presente análise tem a finalidade de comparar o desempenho entre unidades e atividades produtivas, interligando os parâmetros energéticos aos econômicos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a relação entre a energia produzida e consumida durante o processo de produção das principais culturas de cereais do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, a saber, trigo, arroz e soja, em contraposição aos resultados econômicos das respectivas atividades. A pesquisa foi do tipo exploratória, a partir de estudos de multicaso, com uso de pesquisa bibliográfica, análises de laboratório e entrevistas. Para determinar os resultados de análises energéticas, foram realizados os balanços energéticos e as eficiências culturais e energéticas das culturas. Para determinar os resultados econômicos das atividades estudadas, foi utilizada a Teoria do Valor Agregado. Os resultados demonstram que a atividade da soja, em sistema de plantio direto com rotação de culturas, alcançou a maior eficiência energética, entre 25,58MJ ha-1 a 38,39MJ ha-1, sendo que a relação de menor eficiência foi a cultura do trigo, com 3,13MJ ha-1. Em relação ao desempenho econômico das culturas, a soja igualmente mostrou a melhor eficiência econômica igual a 2,47 e a do trigo foi de 1,14 a menor. Cabe destacar os significativos resultados econômicos obtidos pela cultura do arroz, expressos pelo alto valor agregado, obtido por unidade de área (VAL/ha de R$ 3.802,00) em função de sua alta produtividade física. Apesar dos indicadores energéticos serem positivos, houve significativos gastos com fertilizantes, combustíveis e agrotóxicos em todas as propriedades estudadas. Dessa forma, reforça-se a importância do debate sobre a sustentabilidade socioambiental dos sistemas estudados, principalmente quando analisados sob a ótica dos gastos energéticos de bens não-renováveis e da problemática social atribuída à mão-de-obra.

The energy analysis aims to compare the performance between productive units and activities, searching an approach to link the energy with the economic. Objectives is the analysis of the energy produced and consumed during the production process of major crops in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, namely, rice, soybeans and wheat, opposed to the economic results of such activities. The research was exploratory and based on multi-case studies with the use of literature review, laboratory analysis and interviews. To determine the results of energy analyzes were performed energy audits and energy efficiencies and cultural crops, while for the economic results we used the theory of Earned Value. The results demonstrate that the activity of soybean in no-tillage system with crop rotation achieved the highest energy efficiency between 25.58MJ ha-1 and 38.39MJ ha-1, whereas wheat culture showed the lowest efficiency with 3.13MJ ha-1. Regarding the economic performance of crops, soybeans showed the highest economic efficiency 2.47 and wheat the lowest 1.14. It is worth mentioning the significant economic results achieved by the rice crop, expressed by the high added-value obtained per unit area (VAL/ha R$ 3,802.00) due to its high physical productivity. In spite of having positive energy indicators, significant expenses on fertilizer, fuel and pesticides were observed in all properties studied. Thus, we reinforce the importance of the debate on social and environmental sustainability of the systems studied, especially when analyzed from the perspective of energy expenses of non-renewable resources and social problems attributed to workforce.